A water quality monitoring buoy is an essential tool for monitoring water quality in various applications and ensuring the health of aquatic ecosystems. They provide real-time data on water quality and allow researchers to make necessary adjustments to improve water quality. Anti-fouling probe screens, including copper mesh, titanium mesh, and ceramic screens, are essential components

Microfluidics is a rapidly growing field of research that focuses on the behavior of fluids at the microscale level. It involves the study of how fluids flow through microchannels, microreactors, and microsystems. The microfluidic devices used in this field are designed to manipulate small volumes of fluids, typically in the range of microliters or nanoliters.

A pH slope is a linear correlation between the voltage reading of a pH sensor reading and the pH value displayed. The pH slope is what determines the amount the voltage reading must change to change the pH value by one. It is important to calculate the pH slope because it is a direct indication

There are three main water quality parameters to measure the quality of water: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical water quality parameters include eight principle indicators: electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, temperature, color, and taste and odor. Chemical water parameters include pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and dissolved oxygen. The final water quality is

Municipal water supplies the public and businesses with clean water. While the water quality of municipal water is usually safe to drink, municipal water goes through treatment to ensure it follows the EPA’s guidelines for potable water and removes contaminants that may cause adverse health conditions. The five stages of municipal water treatment are chemical

A flow meter measures the rate of a fluid or gas in various applications where it’s critical to obtain accurate flow measurements. Therefore, calibration is a must to assure the flow meter measurements are accurate. Flow meters are calibrated in one or several ways, but the general guide involves the comparison of the flow meter

Once a piping system is confirmed, the flow rate is directly related to the square root of the piping system’s pressure difference; the greater the difference in pressure, the greater the rate of flow. If a man-made pressure loss system such as a regulating valve is installed in the piping system, the effective pressure difference

Nutrient lockout is when the soil medium being used is oversaturated with nutrients. It is one of the most common problems growers face, especially when chemical fertilizers with high salt contents are used in the soil medium. Flushing is the most common way to treat nutrient lockout, and feeding is paused to prevent overloading the

To calibrate a pH meter correctly, at least a two-point calibration is required, using two different buffer solutions (pH 4 and pH 7). For high-accuracy pH measurements, a three-point calibration (pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10) is used. After rinsing with distilled water, the pH probe (electrode) is inserted into the solution until the

It is not possible to lower alkalinity without lowering pH. However, to overcome this, alkalinity and pH are both lowered and then the water is aerated to increase the pH level back to the ideal range. Total alkalinity and pH are vital water quality measurements when it comes to water quality in swimming pools, hot