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To calibrate a pH meter correctly, at least a two-point calibration is required, using two different buffer solutions (pH 4 and pH 7). For high-accuracy pH measurements, a three-point calibration (pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10) is used. After rinsing with distilled water, the pH probe (electrode) is inserted into the solution until the […]

It is not possible to lower alkalinity without lowering pH. However, to overcome this, alkalinity and pH are both lowered and then the water is aerated to increase the pH level back to the ideal range. Total alkalinity and pH are vital water quality measurements when it comes to water quality in swimming pools, hot

There are two main ways to lower the pH level in a pool. The two chemicals used to dose swimming pools and decrease pH are sodium bisulfate and muriatic acid. Has the pH level inside your pool spiked? If pH levels remain too high for too long, it causes issues for bathers and pool equipment.

There are two main ways to raise pH in a hot tub: using soda ash (sodium carbonate) or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).  Having a hot tub in your home is a luxury, however, sitting back and relaxing in your hot tub doesn’t come without cleaning and water quality maintenance.  When owning or working with hot

Temperature plays a key role in pH measurements. When temperature levels increase, the pH level drops. However, this does not mean that the sample becomes more acidic at higher temperatures. A solution is considered acidic only if there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. Both temperature and pH are essential parameters to gain an

Beer brewing relies on pH levels to determine the acidity – of which many are acidic, with an average of 4.0-4.4. Beer should be slightly acidic, as a high pH can lead to harsh flavors and incomplete enzymatic conversion of the mash. During beer production, measuring the pH is important at every stage of the

Electrical conductivity refers to the ability of water to conduct an electrical current in a solution over a certain distance, usually measured in Siemens (S) per distance. The power for water to conduct electricity comes from the ion concentration within the water, which comes from dissolved solids and inorganic materials like carbonate compounds, chlorides, and

If total alkalinity (TA) levels inside pool water are low, but pH levels are above 6.8, an alkalinity increaser (sodium bicarbonate: baking powder/soda) is added. When both the pH and TA need raising, a pH increaser (sodium carbonate: soda ash) is used. If the alkalinity swings too high during treatment, a pH reducer (sodium bisulfate)

Demineralized water is water that has been treated to remove most of its mineral content as a result of distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or another water purification technology. While demineralized water is necessary for many industrial and commercial applications, it is often not consumed as drinking water, because all (or most) impurities are removed,

Purified water, as the name suggests, is one of the purest types of water that you can drink, as it has been purified via different processes (distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and sometimes ozonation) to alter the levels of minerals and flavors. Distilled water is a form of purified water. However, it only goes through