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Water purification methods are used to meet water quality standards for individual households and whole cities. Purification methods include boiling water, distillation, disinfection, and filtration, however, less common ways to purify water like solar purification and adding iodine are also sometimes used.  Water purification involves removing unwanted chemicals, contaminants, suspended solids, and gasses from the […]

It is not recommended to drink acidic water because of the high concentration of heavy metals and potentially dangerous health effects such as tooth decay and bone loss. Water that has a low pH can also damage your plumbing system, leaching metals into your water supply.  To determine if water is acidic, alkaline, or neutral,

Carbon dioxide is the most common cause of acidic water, however, anthropogenic (human-induced) pollution which causes acid rain, can also make the water acidic.  When water becomes acidic, it is very corrosive, and when water becomes corrosive, it can damage plumbing systems, costing water industries millions of dollars in repair costs. Acidic water can also

There are two types of float switches: stem-mounted float switches and cable-suspended switches. These float switches can be horizontal or vertical.  There are many ways of monitoring the amount of liquid in a tank. Pressure sensors give you high accuracy; ultrasonic sensors are contact-free but the simplicity and low cost of a float switch cannot

Turbidity is an important indicator of suspended sediments in water, the presence of pathogens, bacteria, and other contaminants, which can negatively affect aquatic life and water quality. Turbidity refers to the haziness or cloudiness of a liquid, such as water. These conditions are caused by suspended solids or tiny particles that are too small to

Turbidity sensors are a piece of equipment used to measure the cloudiness or haziness and the concentration of total dissolved/suspended solids of a solution.  A turbidity sensor is an analytical sensor that measures turbidity. They are highly useful and effective instruments to identify the clarity and particle content in a solution, like water. Turbidity sensors

Turbidity in water is caused by colored material and particles that become suspended. Turbidity is often measured relative to water clarity using a Secchi disk, or directly with a turbidimeter or a handheld sensor.  Turbidity is a difficult parameter to measure, as it is an optical property of water. Measuring the turbidity of water tells

Ozone is removed from water in three ways: UV radiation, chemicals, and activated carbon. Ozone (O3) is a naturally occurring gas found in the earth’s atmosphere composed of three oxygen atoms joined together. Also, ozone is much more reactive than atmospheric oxygen (O2) as it contains an extra oxygen molecule. Ozone can also combine with

Live aquatic plants that absorb nutrients through their roots (root-feeders), require soil to grow and thrive in aquariums, these include ground cover plants, node propagators, and aquarium plants with bulbs.  Aquarium plants not only make a reef aquarium more beautiful, but they are also important in improving water quality (by removing carbon dioxide and supplying

Just like aquatic plants, algae also produce oxygen via photosynthesis. When algae undergo photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a by-product of the process. This process typically occurs during the day when light exposure is at its greatest.  As Earth is only 29% terrestrial, and with a decline in our forests, it is