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Fish require dissolved oxygen levels between 5-6 ppm (parts per million) to grow and thrive. Low dissolved oxygen levels (>3 ppm) become stressful for most aquatic organisms, and extremely low levels will not support fish survival at all.  Dissolved oxygen is the amount of free, non-compound oxygen molecules in water. Dissolved oxygen is one of […]

To reduce the conductivity in water, the number of total dissolved solids (TDS) need to be removed either by an ion exchanger like flocculation, reverse osmosis (RO), or distillation.  Electrical conductivity (EC) measures the ability of a material to transmit an electrical current over a certain distance, usually measured in Siemens (S) per distance. The

Dissolved oxygen and salinity are key factors when measuring the quality of water. As salinity increases, dissolved oxygen exponentially decreases. This is why saltwater holds 20% less dissolved oxygen than freshwater. A good example is dissolved oxygen levels near the equator; dissolved oxygen levels are lower at the equator because salinity and temperature are higher.

Conductivity probe cell constants determine the precise volume of liquid between two electrodes inside a probe. The cell constant (K) multiplies the measured electrical current (EC) to determine the electrical conductivity of the solution. The units of a cell constant are 1 per centimeter (1/cm); the number is a reference to the distance between the

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most vital indicators of water quality. High DO levels improve the taste of drinking water, but this can cause corrosion in water pipes. Alternatively, low dissolved oxygen levels below 5.0 mg/L stress aquatic life and creates hypoxic conditions.  Oxygen (O2) makes up around 21% of the Earth’s atmospheric

As temperature levels increase, the amount of dissolved oxygen in water decreases due to the inverse relationship between dissolved oxygen and temperature.  Dissolved oxygen (DO) describes how much oxygen (O2) is dissolved in water, and therefore available to aquatic organisms. The amount of DO in water bodies also tells us a lot about the water

To successfully grow crops in a greenhouse, temperature, and humidity must be controlled. The ideal greenhouse temperature ranges between 64 and 75 ºF, depending on what is being grown. As humidity is directly related to temperature, maintaining an optimal relative humidity level of around 80% is also essential.  Do you wish you could grow your

A float switch is a device that contains a switch that opens or closes according to a liquids’ level. The float switch moves up and down with the liquid and activates when the liquid passes a certain threshold. Float switches are used to detect if a liquid rises or falls above a specific level and

Low pH can affect your plant’s growth and survival. If your plants are showing stunted growth, yellow leaves, or leaves with brown spots or reddish-purple edges, then it is showing signs of low pH conditions.  Growing plants or your own produce promotes good health and wellbeing; we are naturally drawn to plants because successfully growing

Ozone water treatments treat and purify potable water and industrial water treatment systems. Yet, ozone comes with some downfalls, such as its high cost and maintenance, high reactivity and toxicity, and the ability to form carcinogenic byproducts.  Ozone is a powerful disinfectant, effective over a wide pH range, thus, ozone gas can purify drinking water