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Municipal water supplies the public and businesses with clean water. While the water quality of municipal water is usually safe to drink, municipal water goes through treatment to ensure it follows the EPA’s guidelines for potable water and removes contaminants that may cause adverse health conditions. The five stages of municipal water treatment are chemical […]

A flow meter measures the rate of a fluid or gas in various applications where it’s critical to obtain accurate flow measurements. Therefore, calibration is a must to assure the flow meter measurements are accurate. Flow meters are calibrated in one or several ways, but the general guide involves the comparison of the flow meter

Once a piping system is confirmed, the flow rate is directly related to the square root of the piping system’s pressure difference; the greater the difference in pressure, the greater the rate of flow. If a man-made pressure loss system such as a regulating valve is installed in the piping system, the effective pressure difference

Nutrient lockout is when the soil medium being used is oversaturated with nutrients. It is one of the most common problems growers face, especially when chemical fertilizers with high salt contents are used in the soil medium. Flushing is the most common way to treat nutrient lockout, and feeding is paused to prevent overloading the

To calibrate a pH meter correctly, at least a two-point calibration is required, using two different buffer solutions (pH 4 and pH 7). For high-accuracy pH measurements, a three-point calibration (pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10) is used. After rinsing with distilled water, the pH probe (electrode) is inserted into the solution until the

It is not possible to lower alkalinity without lowering pH. However, to overcome this, alkalinity and pH are both lowered and then the water is aerated to increase the pH level back to the ideal range. Total alkalinity and pH are vital water quality measurements when it comes to water quality in swimming pools, hot

There are two main ways to lower the pH level in a pool. The two chemicals used to dose swimming pools and decrease pH are sodium bisulfate and muriatic acid. Has the pH level inside your pool spiked? If pH levels remain too high for too long, it causes issues for bathers and pool equipment.

There are two main ways to raise pH in a hot tub: using soda ash (sodium carbonate) or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).  Having a hot tub in your home is a luxury, however, sitting back and relaxing in your hot tub doesn’t come without cleaning and water quality maintenance.  When owning or working with hot

Temperature plays a key role in pH measurements. When temperature levels increase, the pH level drops. However, this does not mean that the sample becomes more acidic at higher temperatures. A solution is considered acidic only if there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. Both temperature and pH are essential parameters to gain an

Beer brewing relies on pH levels to determine the acidity – of which many are acidic, with an average of 4.0-4.4. Beer should be slightly acidic, as a high pH can lead to harsh flavors and incomplete enzymatic conversion of the mash. During beer production, measuring the pH is important at every stage of the