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The two main factors between groundwater and surface water are where the sources originate from and the difference in water quality. Groundwater comes from beneath the Earth’s surface, whereas surface water is found on top of the Earth’s crust in lakes, rivers, and so on. As surface water is exposed, it is more likely to […]

Electrical isolation is needed to separate an electrical circuit, while still allowing the wanted signal to transmit through the circuit. Methods such as transformers, optical isolators, and capacitors are commonly used to prevent dangerous voltages from passing through to the user and to reduce electrical faults/failures.  Electrical isolation is the separation between two circuits that

Electrical isolation connects or disconnects a section of a circuit using a mechanical switch to protect the user from high voltages and to protect electrical equipment from damages.  There are different types of electrical isolation switches available, but they all ensure there is efficient distribution of power.  Electrical currents refer to the flow of atomic

Water purification methods are used to meet water quality standards for individual households and whole cities. Purification methods include boiling water, distillation, disinfection, and filtration, however, less common ways to purify water like solar purification and adding iodine are also sometimes used.  Water purification involves removing unwanted chemicals, contaminants, suspended solids, and gasses from the

It is not recommended to drink acidic water because of the high concentration of heavy metals and potentially dangerous health effects such as tooth decay and bone loss. Water that has a low pH can also damage your plumbing system, leaching metals into your water supply.  To determine if water is acidic, alkaline, or neutral,

Carbon dioxide is the most common cause of acidic water, however, anthropogenic (human-induced) pollution which causes acid rain, can also make the water acidic.  When water becomes acidic, it is very corrosive, and when water becomes corrosive, it can damage plumbing systems, costing water industries millions of dollars in repair costs. Acidic water can also

There are two types of float switches: stem-mounted float switches and cable-suspended switches. These float switches can be horizontal or vertical.  There are many ways of monitoring the amount of liquid in a tank. Pressure sensors give you high accuracy; ultrasonic sensors are contact-free but the simplicity and low cost of a float switch cannot

Turbidity is an important indicator of suspended sediments in water, the presence of pathogens, bacteria, and other contaminants, which can negatively affect aquatic life and water quality. Turbidity refers to the haziness or cloudiness of a liquid, such as water. These conditions are caused by suspended solids or tiny particles that are too small to

Turbidity sensors are a piece of equipment used to measure the cloudiness or haziness and the concentration of total dissolved/suspended solids of a solution.  A turbidity sensor is an analytical sensor that measures turbidity. They are highly useful and effective instruments to identify the clarity and particle content in a solution, like water. Turbidity sensors

Turbidity in water is caused by colored material and particles that become suspended. Turbidity is often measured relative to water clarity using a Secchi disk, or directly with a turbidimeter or a handheld sensor.  Turbidity is a difficult parameter to measure, as it is an optical property of water. Measuring the turbidity of water tells