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The preferred way to lower the pH in freshwater aquariums is to use natural methods such as adding peat moss, driftwood, and catappa leaves. However, other solutions such as using carbon dioxide (CO2) reactors and reverse osmosis are also commonly used.  Are your pH levels too high inside your freshwater aquarium? If so, you have

Algae growth, sludge/dirt at the bottom of the fish tank, sudden changes in your fish’s appearance and behavior, are all signs that your aquarium’s pH (alkalinity) has dropped too low.   Potential hydrogen (pH) measures how acidic or alkaline/basic a solution is, with a numeric scale ranging from 0-14 with 7.0 being neutral, <7.0 acidic, and

Electrical conductivity increases in semiconductors with increasing temperature. As you increase the temperature, electrons from the valence band are able to jump to the conduction band, creating free movement between the two bands, thus, increasing the conductivity.  Electrical Conductivity (EC) measures the ability of a material to transmit an electrical current over a certain distance,

Electrical currents are transported by ions in a given solution. As the concentration of ions increases, the conductivity increases. This is because conductivity increases as water dissolves more ionic compounds due to the ions transporting an electrical current in the solution.  Saltwater is an extremely resourceful aqueous solution as it provides almost half of our

As conductivity is temperature-dependent and conductivity can be used to determine salinity, oceanographers measure conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) when studying seawater.  Oceanography is the study of the ocean, and oceanographers have a very important job in climate research. Because the ocean stores so much heat, the ocean has a large effect on our world’s

How often you replace your pH probe depends on how much you use it, the temperature and type of sample you are measuring, and the care and maintenance of the probe. Most people get a good 12-18 months out of a pH probe before needing to replace it.  Measuring pH is important. A pH probe

Measuring conductivity is essential in many industries and applications such as assessing water quality in aquatic ecosystems, salt concentrations in drinking water, or checking corrosion in heat exchangers.  Electrical Conductivity or (EC) measures the ability of a material to transmit an electrical current over a certain distance, usually measured in Siemens (S) per distance.  When

Four common techniques can be used to remove dissolved oxygen (DO) from water, both chemically and mechanically. These techniques include boiling water at 1 atm (atmospheric pressure), boiling water under reduced pressure, nitrogen (N) purging, and sonication under reduced pressure.  Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen present in water. We can easily measure

CO2 scrubbers are used in both freshwater and saltwater aquariums that contain a protein skimmer to help control pH levels. So, if you have issues with elevated pH levels in your saltwater (or freshwater) aquarium, using a CO2 scrubber will help you maintain healthy levels. Are you struggling to maintain a pH range in your