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The chlorination of water typically involves six main steps/methods. These include plain chlorination, pre-chlorination, post-chlorination, double or multiple chlorinations, break-point chlorination, and super chlorination. Depending on the use of the water will determine which chlorination method is best. Some industries such as drinking water, may require more than one method of chlorinating the water.  Many […]

Fish farming also known as aquaculture involves the controlled culture of aquatic organisms in controlled environments. There are four major systems of aquaculture which include traditional pond farming and recirculation systems, inshore-nearshore cage farms, and offshore cage farming/sea farming. Different systems have unique advantages and constraints in meeting the increasing demand for seafood around the

Water pollution is an environmental issue that concerns us all. It is the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, oceans, lakes, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants that live in these water bodies. The main sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage and wastewater, mining

Some of the practices that can be carried out include but are not limited to the regular removal of organic debris from the pond, the introduction of aquatic plants for nutrient absorption and oxygenation, and the addition of beneficial bacteria to break down waste. Constant pH, temperature, and oxygen level checks also assist in keeping

Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) or redox monitors the condition of the reverse osmosis (RO) plant. The ORP value indicates if the membrane will be susceptible to attack by chlorine or other oxidizers, which can cause significant damage, and shorten the lifespan of the RO plant, thus increasing maintenance costs. ORP is also used to detect the

There are many easy ways to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater. These include reducing total suspended solids (TSS) via physical filtration and chemical processes. Another method is aeration in activated sludge treatment facilities, which reduces BOD by supporting beneficial bacteria. Maintaining optimal temperatures is also essential in reducing BOD in wastewater. Alternative methods

The cause of high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater comes from excessive organic matter in the water. The source of the organic matter typically comes from human and animal waste like sewage and industrial processes. Other causes of high BOD include agricultural runoff, untreated wastewater, and food processing industries. In addition to organic matter,

Biochemical/biological oxygen demand (BOD) is measured using the following formula: BOD = (DO1 – DO2) * dilution factor. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is measured at the beginning (DO1) and then after a 5 day period (DO2) at 68°F (20°C). It is the difference between the two DO measurements that is used to calculate the BOD. The

Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an essential metric in wastewater treatment processes to assess how effective the treatment process is. If BOD levels are too high they indicate insufficient treatment, and so adjustments or improvements in the treatment process must be made. On the other hand, if BOD levels are low, it signifies successful treatment

Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a control parameter frequently used in water treatment systems such as wastewater treatment which works to monitor the effectiveness of the disinfection process. This way, ORP can be used to measure the oxidizing or reducing potential of the wastewater, ensuring the correct amount of additives like chlorine or hydrogen peroxide are