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Ion exchange in water treatment involves removing undesirable ionic contaminants from the water by exchanging them with another ionic substance. The four methods of ion exchange are water softening, deionization, demineralization, and dealkalization.  It is essential to remove contaminants in water to make it safe.  When removing contaminants, the contaminant and the exchanged substance must […]

A humidity sensor detects changes in temperature or electrical currents in the air, typically using a humidity probe connected to a receiving device. There are three types of humidity sensors: relative humidity (RH) sensors, absolute humidity (AH) sensors, and thermal humidity sensors.  If you have ever grown produce in a greenhouse, or your house is

Soil pH is reduced by adding commercially available options like elemental sulfur, aluminum sulfate, and iron sulfate, or natural soil acidifiers like peat moss and compost. Is the pH of your soil too high? Did you know that soil that has a high pH creates toxic levels of certain nutrients, which are harmful to plants? 

There are four main temperature sensors used today in modern-day electronics: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and semiconductor-based integrated (IC) sensors.  Temperature sensors are essential to everyday life. They measure the amount of heat a system or object gives off, typically setting off an alarm when a temperature change exceeds

Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Oxygen enters the water by direct absorption from the atmosphere, a byproduct of aquatic plant photosynthesis, and groundwater discharge. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the water, typically measured in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per

The Winkler titration method measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in water. It involves adding chemicals to the water to react with the oxygen molecules, to form an acidic solution. The amount of neutralizing agent required to neutralize the solution until the sample becomes clear in color, indicates how much oxygen was in the original

Conductivity ranges between water bodies, but typically lakes and streams have a conductivity range between 0-200 µS/cm, while major rivers can have a conductance value up to 1000 µS/cm. Water that has a conductivity range of 1000-10,000 µS/cm indicates that it is saline.  Electrical conductivity (EC) refers to a solution’s ability to carry an electrical

Distilled water is a type of purified water that has gone through the process of distillation to remove impurities such as calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Because of this, distilled water contains no ions and therefore, has a low electrical conductivity range of 0.5 to 3 µS/cm. Water is a valuable resource, and many people are

Electrical conductivity (EC) measures how many dissolved substances, chemicals, and minerals are in the water. Wastewater treatment facilities rely on measuring electrical conductivity to control which treatment process will be the most successful to remove contaminants and impurities.  The wastewater treatment industry is essential to preserve the environment and protect public health. Wastewater treatment facilities

Conductivity is affected by the number of dissolved ions in water (salinity), the types of ions in the water, water flow, rainfall, and temperature.  Conductivity is one of the most useful indicators of water quality. Electrical conductivity measures the ability of water to transmit an electrical current over a certain distance, usually measured in Siemens