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pH probes contain two electrodes (a sensor electrode and a reference electrode) that measure the hydrogen-ion activity in a solution. The exchange of ions generates a voltage that is measured by the pH meter converting the voltage into a readable pH value.  The glass electrode was invented by Nobel Prize winner Fritz Haber in 1909, […]

Temperature sensors are a device used in our everyday lives to measure the temperature of the air, a liquid, and solid matter in a wide range of industries and applications.  Temperature sensors are found everywhere. If you have ever received a notification on a hot day that your smartphone has got too hot, that is

The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a solution is one of the many factors that determines the pH of water. As pH levels fluctuate during the day due to photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition; the extremity of these changes depends on the alkalinity of the water which is influenced by CO2 levels. When CO2 levels

Temperature sensors work by providing readings via electrical signals. Sensors are composed of two metals that generate an electrical voltage or resistance when a temperature change occurs by measuring the voltage across the diode terminals. When the voltage increases, the temperature also increases. Temperature sensors are devices that provide readable temperature measurements via an electrical

Water quality is often described by different indicators such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, suspended sediment, nutrients, metals, hydrocarbons, and industrial chemicals.  Water quality is one of the most important factors in aquatic ecosystems and ensuring water is safe for human use. Actions made on land have a major effect on

Measuring pH is important within a variety of industries, which can be measured in several ways. While both pH meters and pH paper are portable methods to measure a solution’s pH, pH meters provide more accurate results and color blindness is not an issue as results are displayed on a digital readable display. However, pH

Testing dissolved oxygen (DO) in water is either measured via chemical analysis such as a titrimetric method, electroanalytical (using galvanic & polarographic probes), optical dissolved oxygen, and colorimetric methods. However, modern techniques mainly use electrochemical or optical sensor methods.  Oxygen is not only important in the air we breathe, but it is also an essential

Salinity is the measurement of salts dissolved in a solution of water. Salinity is measured in percentage (%) or parts per thousand (ppt) and is tested either with a conductivity meter, hydrometer, or refractometer.  Salinity is an important water parameter to measure in terms of water quality as different crops, livestock, and aquatic organisms require

Water covers around 71% of the Earth’s surface, and one of the main issues we are facing today is water pollution. We must reduce water pollution, which is why there are many solutions to combat the problem.  Sometimes water becomes polluted with chemicals such as oil, harmful bacteria, and other microorganisms. When water becomes polluted,